As schools nationwide scrutinize their use of police, a Chalkbeat analysis of state data shows that school police are 2.5 times as likely to arrest Black Indiana students than white students.
More than a quarter of the 1,217 arrests in Indiana schools in 2018-19 were of Black students, even though they made up only 14% of the state’s student population, raising questions of racial bias and educational inequity.
The consequences can be dire: Students who are arrested are less likely to graduate or succeed academically, and more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system in the future, research has found.
“It’s state-sanctioned abuse,” said JauNae Hanger, president of the Children’s Policy and Law Initiative of Indiana. “We really need to look at our systems and how our systems are causing harm and start to address that.”
But while school systems in cities such as Minneapolis, Portland, and Denver have cut ties with local police departments, there appears to be little momentum for such action in Indiana. It’s hard to say how many police officers work in Indiana schools or how many of them have special school resource officer training for interacting with students, since the state doesn’t track that data or require the training.
In some districts, including Indianapolis Public Schools, officials say the disproportionate number of Black students arrested is “unacceptable,” and they want to reduce arrests in school. Still, officials defend the presence of police in schools as essential for student safety.
“It’s going to take a lot of work for us to get to an environment—particularly in a post-Columbine environment, post-Noblesville—where schools are going to be wholly safe without officers,” said IPS Chief of External Affairs Ahmed Young, referring to school shootings in Colorado and Indiana.
Reform advocates worry that schools face no consequences for arresting large numbers of students or disproportionately arresting Black students. Although districts are required to report arrests to the state, the figures receive little public scrutiny. That could allow teachers, administrators, and school-based police officers to over-rely on arrests, Hanger said, instead of addressing the factors leading to the incidents. Because people hold implicit biases, Black students are particularly vulnerable to arrest for minor infractions.
Even if a student is believed to have committed a crime, state law calls for the Department of Education to offer a model school discipline plan that supports arrests in schools only when “necessary to protect the health and safety of students or school employees.”
Hanger argues that many of the student arrests likely didn’t meet that standard, questioning the hundreds of student arrests that year for possession of marijuana, disorderly conduct, and possession of tobacco. The only more common offense was battery, according to state data, a charge that some contend should only be leveled in the most serious cases.
“We’ve got to be more circumspect about what we’re actually having kids arrested for,” said Gwen Kelley, co-chair of the Positive School Discipline Initiative, a project of the Children’s Policy and Law Initiative that helps Indiana schools reduce exclusionary discipline.
Student arrests fall into a larger pattern of schools imposing harsher discipline on Black students. Indiana has been highlighted for having among the worst racial disparities in the nation for suspensions, a gap that has held despite statewide efforts to soften disciplinary consequences and improve awareness of implicit bias.
One reason why attention to the problem has not brought dramatic change is because switching to less punitive discipline, such as restorative justice, is a difficult culture shift. Many educators continue to believe that strict discipline and removing disruptive students from classrooms is a more effective way to keep schools calm.
At New Haven High School, a 1,100-student campus outside of Fort Wayne, educators have zero tolerance for fighting and disrespect, said Deborah Watson, assistant superintendent of secondary schools for the East Allen district. “In order to enforce that, sometimes you have to send that strong message,” she added.
With 49 arrests last year, New Haven had one of the highest arrest rates in the state, and police were more likely to arrest Black students than white students.
Watson, who is Black, said that it’s hard to explain why the rate is so high without knowing more about the specific situations that led to arrests. She is certain, however, that the racial disparity does not reflect prejudice in the building.
“There is not a problem at New Haven High School,” Watson said. “I’m not going to say that I believe there is racism in that building, even in this era of George Floyd. I’m not going to say that, because I don’t believe that to be the case.”
As fears have risen over school shootings, Indiana schools have sought more money in recent years to hire school resource officers, applying to a state school safety fund and asking voters to raise taxes.
Some districts have their own police departments, but many schools work with local police departments. Because the state does not track police in schools, it’s unclear whether the number of officers in schools has been growing. The latest federal data, from 2013-14, show that about 35% of Indiana schools had police.
The public and parents look to school police officers to provide security not only from shooters, but also from more common problems, such as drugs, bullying, or fighting. Advocates for placing police in schools argue that if they are properly trained, school resource officers can serve as support for students—mentoring, building trust in law enforcement, and de-escalating conflict.
For police to be considered school resource officers under Indiana law, they must undergo 40 hours of training that addresses issues including implicit bias, adolescent brain development, and restorative justice practices, said Chase Lyday, president of the Indiana School Resource Officers Association.
If districts remove resource officers from schools, “they are making a grave mistake,” Lyday said. “What they should be focusing their efforts on is not eliminating the presence of police in school. It should be on focusing on the required screening and the necessary training.”
Even without police on campus, schools will need to call in outside law enforcement, Lyday said. But the officers who respond may not have training or experience in working with adolescents.
Last year, for example, IPS’s police department called in city police officers to help when a fight broke out among students at Shortridge High School. After the fight, Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Officer Robert Lawson ordered a woman to leave and punched a 17-year-old Black student. The incident was captured on video, and Lawson faced criminal charges including misconduct and battery.
But the regular presence of police in schools can also have negative consequences for students.
“When police are in schools, we see higher arrest rates almost across the board,” said Ben Fisher, an assistant professor of criminal justice at the University of Louisville. He co-authored an analysis of federal data that found the increase is particularly large for Black students.
One reason why students are more likely to face arrest is because police officers become part of the school discipline system, Fisher said. “We’ve seen this increased criminalization of sort of minor behaviors that don’t quite conform to what the schools are asking of students but aren’t necessarily doing a lot of harm.”
In IPS, where the administration has called for public conversations on racism, the district is working to change its policing approach from the “traditional policing framework to a more nurturing framework,” said Young, the chief of external affairs.
As it stands, police are far more likely to arrest Black IPS students than other students. While Black students made up 46% of the district’s 32,000 enrollment in 2018-19, but they made up 83% of the 58 students arrested.
Chief Tonia Guynn, a veteran of the IPS police department who took over last year, said that she is aiming for all officers to go through school resource officer and racial equity training.
The police force, which has 42 officers, has also been shrinking in recent years. But Young said removing police from schools altogether is not an option district officials are considering.
The racial disparity in school arrests also affects younger students. Most Indiana students who are arrested are high schoolers, but more than 350 children in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades were arrested in 2018-19. The middle school with the highest rate in the state was in Kokomo.
At Maple Crest Middle School, which enrolled about 450 students, there were 19 arrests in 2018-19. Officers arrested a disproportionately high number of Black students.
Spokesman David Barnes of Kokomo schools declined several requests for interviews from Chalkbeat and did not respond to written questions about the arrest numbers: “Kokomo Schools has NO comment,” he wrote in an email.
Even districts that say they are attempting to reduce arrest rates also defend arresting students as an essential tool for maintaining school safety. Fort Wayne Community Schools, the state’s second-largest district, recorded 100 arrests, a higher rate than the statewide average. The district reported more arrests of Black students than of any other racial group.
Fort Wayne has made changes over the years to try to address those statistics, said spokeswoman Krista Stockman, including adding therapeutic counselors at elementary schools to address trauma and school resource officers at middle schools to build relationships.
“Having 100 arrests is still too many,” Stockman said. “Having 20 arrests would be too many. Because that isn’t what we want for our students.”
Fort Wayne is not considering reviewing the role of police officers in schools, she said. School resource officers and security officers form important bonds with students just as cafeteria workers and teachers do, she said, and the district relies on police to keep schools safe.
“I don’t think students like seeing other students arrested, but if a student brings a weapon to school, they also need to know that’s what’s going to happen,” Stockman said.
Rep. Greg Porter, the leading Democrat on the Indiana House Ways and Means Committee, is frustrated that discipline disparities have persisted for so many years. State lawmakers too often hope conversations on race will just “go away,” Porter said.
But if they wanted to, he believes lawmakers could take action to address racial disparities in education such as the discipline gap by putting money behind strategies proven to improve outcomes for Black students.
“We can’t sprinkle moon dust in the air and hopefully people will change,” he said. “We don’t need any more focus groups. We need some action groups.”
Chalkbeat is a not-for-profit news site covering educational change in public schools.
Please enable JavaScript to view this content.
Why is it a police problem that they get called in to arrest students?
Stop doing crimes and you’ll stop getting arrested.
Normally for each arrest, the perp has done 7 crimes he was not caught on.
Skin color does not matter.
Crime needs to decrease to zero in our schools.
Kids must have a safe environment to learn.
This is garbage reporting.
You are only comparing the proportion of African American children in the general population to the proportion of African American children who are arrested. You want to leave the impression that school cops arrest children at random, and deliberately choose to arrest African American children at twice the rate that they randomly choose to arrest children of other races or etthnicities. Come on, really?
If you wanted to take a balanced approach, which you did not, you might have looked at numbers of crimes reported on school campuses statewide, and looked to see if there was a correlation to student population. I don’t know that there is, but I don’t think cops actually arrest children for giggles, I am pretty sure there has to be probable cause…I think I learned that in 12th grade civics class. And, since the point of this amateurish article is that African American children are being arrested disproportionately to their population, you might have followed up with the district attorney’s office or the juvenile court system. Surely, if African American children are being racially profiled by school police, which is what you are implying, then a greater percentage of those arrests would not be prosecuted compared to other races, or if they are, a greater percentage of juvenile delinquency petitions would be dismissed by the court, since there would be no evidence, just the juvenile’s race, behind the case. Or are the prosecutors and the judges in on this vast racist conspiracy too?
At a time like this, where racial tensions are at an extreme level, one would think that IBJ would take seriously their responsibility to provide balanced reporting. Not to say everything is peachy in the African American community, and there aren’t any problems, but could you just report facts in a balanced way? I guess that’s asking too much. This is why people hate the mainstream media.
Perhaps arrests in schools are more a function of our litigious society now that has largely removed from schools many of the past methods for disciplining students? I am guessing that to avoid legal actions, school system lawyers have recommended that schools hand discipline aspects off to law enforcement rather than be exposed to law suits. Teachers and school administration have almost no power to discipline students interfering with the ability of other student to learn. The rights of any one student only extend as far as it doesn’t prevent other students from having their opportunity to learn.
Another consideration might be that police officers in school is directly related to need, so schools needing the officers on site also have higher incidence of using them–because they’re needed. I’m sure if one looks at the demographics of those schools in need, the skewed numbers will largely be explained.
The question that should be asked instead of should officers be in schools, is *why* is there the need? Because there shouldn’t be a need–but here we are. What are we doing wrong as a community to not have children prepared for the day and LEARN in school? Where are the support systems outside the schools themselves? Why are so many children arriving tired, hungry, unprepared for the learning environment (and this is across all school systems). Schools are institutions of learning, not daycare cafeterias. Let us let schools get back to their prime directive: Education.
Deeply ignorant or dishonest article. It has be exhaustively demonstrated that disparities in discipline between blacks and other groups are completely explained by a) the student’s previous disciplinary history and b) the severity of the offense. Rather than ask the obvious question – why is black student behavior so poor compared to every other group – articles like this frame things as though it’s surprising blacks are over represented in school discipline when literally any teacher or parent in a ‘diverse’ school would find this completely unremarkable.
Also worth noting that ‘restorative justice’ thus far is a massive failure in school districts where it has been tried. The teachers of St. Paul are in quiet revolt over this policy because it teachers troubled kids they can get away with almost anything without consequences and poses a safety risk to staff and other students.
Correct, 21 R. Administrators at my school sent me for “restorative justice” training a couple decades ago. The entire concept of student judges disciplining other students is absurd. We must have Dads, Dads, Dads in the home! It would take a generation before things improve……….Let’s “reimagine” (I am sick of the overuse of that word.) families.
Here IBJ goes joining the club. Just like ABC reporting some statistic regarding the number of Black arrests compared to white in the community. They conveniently leave out the number of crimes committed by each. This is so irresponsible. 75 per cent of Black children don’ t have in-home dads. That can be the new cute way of saying illegitimate. PERIOD. I taught high school special education in a large, diverse school district for years. I know what goes on in the schools, and I never saw racism. I did see the district, like all districts, try to hold suspensions and expulsions down. The school might be “graded” for this. The Black kids knew it was not true but would say “You just wrote me a referral cuz I’m Black.” I can’t begin to fathom the discipline problems in the next school year, as before this great awakening, Black kids played the race card. Your reporters could learn a lot by substitute teaching for 60 days in a large urban school. This kind of reporting makes you become part of the problem. So sanctimonious with this me-too journalism. The media itself fuels the mob rule by a bunch of idiots. BTW, i kneel to God in the Episcopal church, not to a political movement. Everyone needs a nuclear family , and this must come from within the Black community itself. Ironically, it starts at home. FYI, I loved my Black students. Oh, I have the misfortune of being a white Republican – the enemy of such group think jounaliism.
I have not already said this – note to me when trying to post. Here IBJ goes joining the club. Just like ABC reporting some statistic regarding the number of Black arrests compared to white in the community. They conveniently leave out the number of crimes committed by each. This is so irresponsible. 75 per cent of Black children don’ t have in-home dads. That can be the new cute way of saying illegitimate. PERIOD. I taught high school special education in a large, diverse school district for years. I know what goes on in the schools, and I never saw racism. I did see the district, like all districts, try to hold suspensions and expulsions down. The school might be “graded” for this. The Black kids knew it was not true but would say “You just wrote me a referral cuz I’m Black.” I can’t begin to fathom the discipline problems in the next school year, as before this great awakening, Black kids played the race card. Your reporters could learn a lot by substitute teaching for 60 days in a large urban school. This kind of reporting makes you become part of the problem. So sanctimonious with this me-too journalism. The media itself fuels the mob rule by a bunch of idiots. BTW, i kneel to God in the Episcopal church, not to a political movement. Everyone needs a nuclear family , and this must come from within the Black community itself. Ironically, it starts at home. FYI, I loved my Black students. Oh, I have the misfortune of being a white Republican – the enemy of such group think jounaliism.
School police more than twice as likely to arrest Black students in Indiana, because Black students are twice as likely to commit a crime.
“Black Students twice as likely to get arrested at school”. I fixed your idiotic, racist Democrat headline for you.
Thank you, Chuck W.
Security at the high school where I taught broke up a lot of fights. The worst ones were “girl fights,” as officers had to exercise extreme caution in avoiding inadvertently touching the wrong parts. One particularly interesting girl fight took place right after the bell rang at dismissal in the main area. One girl’s shirt got ripped off, and she kept yelling and swinging, wearing only a bra. The Black and white (capital W?) officers at my high school were excellent at diffusing potentially violent situations. I have Dem friends who state that abortion clinics need to be built in Black communities, so that unwanted children aren’t born. Really? Let’s strive for two parents in each child’s life – not aborting babies. Responsibility and discipline are a good start. The children need to be born into a loving and caring families. The question is how to instill this value – not easy in the current climate, which never addresses the core issue. I passionately feel (know) that this is direction that needs to be taken. We must have children who are nurtured and grow up to be independent and successful adults – not dependent on the grip of big government. I can’t stand the daily Black on Black crime in our cities. Many Black people have invisible chains to the poverty the Democratic party, which deliberately enslaves them in. The white BLM people don’t get this either – clueless. VOTES is what is important to Dems. How they hoodwink the masses, including IBJ journalists.
To save a lot of typing, just read this columnist. Spot-on:
https://townhall.com/columnists/katiekieffer/2020/06/22/black-fathers-matter-n2571041?utm_source=thdaily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nl&newsletterad=06/22/2020&bcid=f8e18e37510f09d2bb969c2a74b966f9&recip=19459823
IBJ should be ashamed of themselves for assembling and then printing such an idiotic, one-sided article so void of causal insight.
Just to be clear: This article was written by Chalkbeat Indiana, not IBJ.
Thank you for sharing the great article, Bob. The truth matters.
Thank you for sharing the great article, Bob. The truth matters.
Jeff N. Oh, so Chalkbeat Indiana came along and uploaded that article to the IBJ website! Really unfortunate that IBJ was hacked – especially with an article like this. I assumed IBJ approved the material it uses.
Susie, I did not say that. My response was to Bob P, who thought IBJ “assembled” the article.